By Maxxl² (Own work - vectorizedPavlov dogs conditioning) [GFDL or CC BY-SA 4.0-3.0-2.5-2.0-1.0 ], via Wikimedia Commons
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BEFORE CONDITIONING:
1) Dogs salivate (an unconditioned, natural response) at the smell of food (an unconditioned stimulus) 2) Dogs do not salivate (an unconditioned, natural response) at the sound of a bell (a neutral stimulus). DURING CONDITIONING: 3) In the acquisition phase dogs are presented with food paired with the sound of a bell - repetitively. (an unconditioned stimulus paired with a neutral stimulus). The dogs drool (as a natural response at first). Through repetition they gradually come to associate the sound of the bell with the food. AFTER CONDITIONING: 4) Dogs now salivate just at the sound of the bell, demonstrating associative learning, wherein a subject links a certain stimuli, behaviors, or events together (a conditioned stimulus triggers a conditioned response). |
His famous experiment on 11-month-old "little Albert" involved the accompaniment of a loud, frightening sound with Albert's touching of small animals (starting with a rat) that the baby had previously been unafraid of. Essentially he was able to train the baby boy into become afraid of the animals. Watson believed this to be proof that human emotions could become conditioned responses. It is not surprising that Watson's type of radical thinking did not sit well with many because of implications of behavior being controlled.
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By John B Watson (Akron psychology archives) [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons
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By Box73 (recreated and converted to svg) and Curtis Neveu (source) [CC BY 3.0], via Wikimedia Commons
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Skinner's 3 types of operants (responses) that can follow behavior:
1) NEUTRAL OPERANTS - environment responses that have no effect on the probability of a behavior being repeated 2) REINFORCERS - environmental responses that increase the probability of a behavior being repeated (can be positive or negative) 3) PUNISHERS - environmental responses that decrease the likelihood of a behavior being repeated, weakening behavior. |
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